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uplevel.n
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1994-05-08
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'\"
'\" Copyright (c) 1993 The Regents of the University of California.
'\" All rights reserved.
'\"
'\" Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without
'\" license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
'\" documentation for any purpose, provided that the above copyright
'\" notice and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.
'\"
'\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
'\" FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
'\" ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF
'\" CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
'\"
'\" THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
'\" INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
'\" AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS
'\" ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATION TO
'\" PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
'\"
'\" $Header: /user6/ouster/tcl/man/RCS/uplevel.n,v 1.1 93/06/16 16:48:27 ouster Exp $ SPRITE (Berkeley)
'\"
.\" The definitions below are for supplemental macros used in Tcl/Tk
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.HS uplevel tcl
.BS
'\" Note: do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
.SH NAME
uplevel \- Execute a script in a different stack frame
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBuplevel \fR?\fIlevel\fR?\fI arg \fR?\fIarg ...\fR?
.BE
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
All of the \fIarg\fR arguments are concatenated as if they had
been passed to \fBconcat\fR; the result is then evaluated in the
variable context indicated by \fIlevel\fR. \fBUplevel\fR returns
the result of that evaluation.
.PP
If \fIlevel\fR is an integer then
it gives a distance (up the procedure calling stack) to move before
executing the command. If \fIlevel\fR consists of \fB#\fR followed by
a number then the number gives an absolute level number. If \fIlevel\fR
is omitted then it defaults to \fB1\fR. \fILevel\fR cannot be
defaulted if the first \fIcommand\fR argument starts with a digit or \fB#\fR.
.PP
For example, suppose that procedure \fBa\fR was invoked
from top-level, and that it called \fBb\fR, and that \fBb\fR called \fBc\fR.
Suppose that \fBc\fR invokes the \fBuplevel\fR command. If \fIlevel\fR
is \fB1\fR or \fB#2\fR or omitted, then the command will be executed
in the variable context of \fBb\fR. If \fIlevel\fR is \fB2\fR or \fB#1\fR
then the command will be executed in the variable context of \fBa\fR.
If \fIlevel\fR is \fB3\fR or \fB#0\fR then the command will be executed
at top-level (only global variables will be visible).
.PP
The \fBuplevel\fR command causes the invoking procedure to disappear
from the procedure calling stack while the command is being executed.
In the above example, suppose \fBc\fR invokes the command
.DS
\fBuplevel 1 {set x 43; d}
.DE
where \fBd\fR is another Tcl procedure. The \fBset\fR command will
modify the variable \fBx\fR in \fBb\fR's context, and \fBd\fR will execute
at level 3, as if called from \fBb\fR. If it in turn executes
the command
.DS
\fBuplevel {set x 42}
.DE
then the \fBset\fR command will modify the same variable \fBx\fR in \fBb\fR's
context: the procedure \fBc\fR does not appear to be on the call stack
when \fBd\fR is executing. The command ``\fBinfo level\fR'' may
be used to obtain the level of the current procedure.
.PP
\fBUplevel\fR makes it possible to implement new control
constructs as Tcl procedures (for example, \fBuplevel\fR could
be used to implement the \fBwhile\fR construct as a Tcl procedure).
.SH KEYWORDS
context, stack frame, variables